A multiparametric approach to assessing residual pain experienced by dairy cows undergoing digestive tract surgery under multimodal analgesia

This study assessed residual pain responses of dairy cows undergoing fistulation surgery under multimodal analgesia using a multiparametric method combining behavioural and physiological indicators. A longitudinal was conducted on five cows, each acting as her own control. The consisted implanting ruminal duodenal cannula in cow. drug protocol combination N-Methyl-D aspartic Acid antagonists, ?2-agonists, local anaesthetic during surgery, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) opioid treatment postsurgery. Cow to were monitored by direct observation, assay indicators, milk production from day D ?6 days before (D-6) D13 From the data recorded, variables that contributed most discrimination pre- postsurgery identified factorial discriminant analysis. Components 1 2 analysis explained 68.2% 17.9%, respectively, total variance. Component mainly haptoglobin (contribution axis: 0.885), oxidative stress (ratio oxidized gluthatione reduced glutathione GSH/GSSG ), ?0.746; vitamin E, ?0.683; A, ?0.597; malondialdehyde MDA 0.416), indicators (general attitude, 0.594). On this axis, higher score, apathy concentrations, lower ratio concentrations vitamins E. axis opposed D-6 D3 D5; D1 intermediate. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (non-esterified fatty acid NEFA 0.686; cortisol, 0.669), yield (?0.725), (MDA, ?0.584; nitric oxide NO 0.454), (ear position, 0.467; leg postures, 0.431). NEFA, concentrations; more ear postures; concentrations. D1. These results suggest may experience some only D1, whereas subsequent days, inflammatory response did not seem be associated with pain. Our should considered for different surgeries improve immediately after provide antioxidants along promote recovery.